Affixes
-|ꞁȷ̀ᴜ| }ʃꞇ
nominalizer
-|ꞁȷ̀ᴜ| }ʃɹ
nominalizer that changes to something related to
-|j͑ʃ| ꞁȷ̀ᴜꞇ
adjectivizer
j͑ʃ'ɔ|ƣ̋|-
verbalizer
j͑ʃ'ɔɔ˞-/j͑ʃ'ᴜ-
causative
}ʃɔ|ƣ̋|-
negative (anti)
ſɭɜ|c̗|-
not
ꞁȷ̀ɹ|ƣ̋|-
with
֭ſɭɹ|ƣ̋|-
without
ſ͔ɭɔ|ɔ˞|-
more
ſȷw|ʞ|-
a bit more
-|ſɭ| ꞁȷ̀ɜƴ
really, very
j͑ʃɹ|ƣ̋|-
a bit less
ʃɔ|ɔ˞|-
less (leads to something)
ı],ɔ|ƣ̋|-
less (not related although a smaller verion of)
ꞁȷ̀ɜ|ƣ̋|-
can
ſ͕ȷɜ|ƣ̋|-
cannot
ʃэ|c̗|-
becoming (similar to Lushootseed -il)
j͑ʃɔ|ƣ̋|-
of
j͑ʃп́|ɔ|-
about, relating to
j͑ʃᴜ|ƣ̋|-
for
ŋᷠᴜ|ƣ̋|-
one who does, -er
ꞁȷ̀ᴜƣ̋ |ꞁȷ̀ᴜ|-
place
ŋᷠᴜƣ̋ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ|ƣ̋|-
one who does in a place
ſɭᴜ|ɘ|-
building
ſɭɔ|ʞ|-
study of
-|ꞁȷ̀ꞇ| ı],
art of
֭ſɭɜ|п́|-
idea
-|ꞁȷ̀ᴜ| j͐ʃ
used for seperation of word boundaries
Some affixes cannot be used for words alone.
j͑ʃᴜ ſɭɔƴ ɭʃꞇȝ
for-you this
ɭl̀эƣ̋ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜȝ ɭʃꞇȝ
in-place this
Ordering
Ordering of affixes matters
ſɭɜc̗ ꞁȷ̀ɜƣ̋ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ʃᴜ
not-can see
Cannot see
ꞁȷ̀ɜ ſɭɜc̗ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ʃᴜ
can-not see
Able to not see
}ʃɔ j͑ʃ'ɔƣ̋ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ }ʃᴜ
NEG-VBZ-[attentive]
Distracted
j͑ʃ'ɔ }ʃɔƣ̋ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ }ʃᴜ
VDZ-NEG-[attentive]
Avoid / Ignore
}ʃɔƣ̋ ꞁȷ̀ɔ ſᶘᴜ ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜ ſɭɜƴ
NEG-know-very
Not know a lot
ꞁȷ̀ɔ ſᶘᴜ ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜ }ʃɔ ſɭɜƴ
know-NEG-very
know little
ſɭɹ- is used to represent using something to do something.
ſɭɹ ſ͔ɭᴜ ᶅſɔ ꞁȷ̀ɔ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ſɭˬꞇᴜ ſɭᴜͷ̗ ꞁȷ̀ɜ j͑ʃ'ɔ ſȷᴜͷ̗ ⟅
use-language e iikrhia kal can-VBZ-book.
Can read in Iikrhian.
ꞁȷ̀ɜ j͑ʃ'ɔ ſȷᴜͷ̗ ſɭɹ ſ͔ɭᴜ ᶅſɔ ꞁȷ̀ɔ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ſɭˬꞇᴜ ſɭᴜͷ̗ ſ͕ɭᴜꞇ j͑ʃɹ ſȷᴜͷ̗ ⟅
can-VBZ-book use-language e iikrhia kal this.ADJZ DIM.book.
Can read this story in Iikrhian.
From / Passive voice
Connected to a noun, j͐ʃэ- means by/from. Connected to an verb, it is passive voice.
Made by / Made from
There is not really distinction made in Iikrhian about made by or made from. Both can use j͐ʃэ j͑ʃɔ-. However, this makes sense since creations are produced by someone like wood is produced by trees. To speak about someone making someone out of something, then say this.
You can use j͑ʃɔ- or use a full sentence.
j͑ʃɔ ŋᷠᴜƴ j͐ʃэ j͑ʃɔ ſɭɔ ֭ſɭw ſɭᶗ‹ᴜ ⟅
POSS-human from-POSS-wood knife.
The person's wooden knife.
j͐ʃэ j͑ʃɔ ſɭɔ ֭ſɭw ſɭʞɹ ſɭᶗ‹ᴜ ⺓ ŋᷠᴜƴ ⟅
from-POSS wood make knife SUBCL human.
The person made a knife out of wood.
j͐ʃэ ſɭɹ- can be used for made out of when the subject is taboo.
However, it can also be distinguished by whether the adjective is on the front or back of a word.
ſ͔ɭэ j͐ʃэ j͑ʃɔ ſᶘᴜ
wind from-POSS-water
Wind made out of water
j͐ʃэ j͑ʃɔ ſᶘᴜ ſ͔ɭɹ
from-of-water wind
Water made by the wind
You can also just use j͐ʃэ-. However, it depends on what is said.
j͐ʃэ ſᶘᴜ ſ͔ɭэ
from-water wind
Wind from water (Usually from it and not made by)
In can be distinguished from on this way as well.
ɭl̀э ſɭᴜ ſᶘɹ ֭ſɭɹƽ
in-fish gill
gill on the outside (although attached) of fish / external gill
ſᶘɹ ֭ſɭɹƽ ɭl̀э ſɭᴜ
gill in-fish
gill inside fish / internalised gill / book lung
Component of
ɭl̀э j͑ʃ'ᴜ-/ɭl̀э j͑ʃ'ɔɔ˞- is used to represent that something is a component of.
ɭl̀э j͑ʃ'ᴜ ſᶘᴜȝ
in-cause-hair
A component of hair
Can
ꞁȷ̀ɜ- can be placed on a noun like so.
ſ͔ɭɔȝ ꞁȷ̀ɜ ſɭп́w ſɟwͷ̗ ɭʃꞇ j͐ʃ ꞁȷ̀ɜ ſɭᴜ ſɟꞇ ⺓ ſ͕ȷᴜc̗ ſɭɜ ⟅
eat can-rabbit can-chicken piise cat.
Cats can eat rabbits and can eat chicken.
Negatives
}ʃɔ- is the opposite while, ſɭɜ- is half.
}ʃɔ j͑ʃƽᴜƽ
NEG-hurt
feel unharmed
ſɭɜ j͑ʃƽᴜƽ
not-hurt
not hurt
ʃэ }ʃɔ j͑ʃƽᴜƽ
become-NEG-hurt
becoming unharmed
ʃэ ſɭɜ j͑ʃƽᴜƽ
become-not-hurt
pain relieving
}ʃɔ ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ and j͑ʃᴜ ſɭп́э mean the same thing. However, ſɭɜ ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ is different.
ꞁȷ̀ɜ ſɭɹ ſᶘɹᶗ‹ ɭʃɜȝ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ ŋᷠɹ ɭʃᴜ ſɭɜ ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ }ʃɔ j͑ʃп́ꞇ ſɭᴜ j͐ʃ ꞁȷ̀ꞇ }ʃᴜƽ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ }ʃꞇ ⟅
can-really.like self however should-not-therefore NEG-add-l other-ani.
(One) can really like oneself although it should not lead to removing others.
֭ſɭᴜ ɭʃᴜ }ʃɔ ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ ֭ſɭw }ʃᴜ ſȷɹ ŋᷠɹ ⟅
rain NEG-then dark cloud.
It rains due to the dark clouds.
ꞁȷ̀ᴜ ſᶘᴜ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ʃᴜ ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ j͑ʃ'ᴜ ɭʃᴜ ֭ſɭᴜȝ ⟅
if see then cause-photo.
if you see it, take a photo.
j͑ʃ'ᴜ ɭʃᴜ ֭ſɭᴜȝ }ʃɔ ֭ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ʃᴜ ⟅
cause-photo NEG-then see.
take a photo when you see it.
Possession
j͑ʃɔ- can be animate or inanimate based on order. Order can also be used for alienability.
ɭʃᴜ ŋᷠᴜ j͑ʃɔ ɭʃƽᴜͷ̗
hand POSS-3s
Their hand (Attached)
j͑ʃɔ ɭʃƽᴜͷ̗ ɭʃᴜ ŋᷠᴜ
POSS-3S hand
Their hand (Distached)
There is a difference between using j͑ʃɔ- and -j͑ʃᴜꞇ for possession.
j͑ʃɔ ſɭɔƴ ſ͔ɭɔƽ
POSS-2s room
Your room (Owned)
ſɭɔƴ ꞁȷ̀ᴜꞇ ſ͔ɭɔƽ
2s-ADJV room
Your room (Related)
The word have (ſ͕ɭwȝ) is different from ꞁȷ̀ɹ-.
ſ͕ɭwȝ ꞁȷ̀ᴜͷ̗ ſɭᴜ j͑ʃ'ᴜ j͑ʃᴜꞇ ſɟᴜ ſ͔ɭᴜꞇ ſ͕ɭꞇ ⟅
have-l six-ADJZ tool-play
Own six toys (Not necessarily have right now)
ſɭᴜ j͑ʃ'ᴜ j͑ʃᴜꞇ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ſɟᴜ ſ͔ɭᴜꞇ ſ͕ɭꞇ ⟅
six-sai with-tool-play
Have six toys (Right now and not necessarily own them)
ꞁȷ̀ɹ- can also mean a part of something.
ſןᴜ ſ͔ɭᴜ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ֭ſɭꞇ ʃɜ ɽ͑ʃ'ꞇ ⟅
animal with-feather
Animal that has feathers as a part of it.
About / Relating to
Use j͑ʃɹ ᶅſɔ for when there is a topic.
j͑ʃɹ ᶅſɔ ꞁȷ̀ɔ ꞁȷ̀ɹ ſɭˬꞇᴜ ſɭᴜ }ʃᴜȝ ɭʃꞇȝ
about-e iikrhia congruent this
In Iikrhian, it is the same as this.
Particles
You can use ſ͕ɭᴜꞇ and ŋᷠᴜꞇ for classification.
ſɭэ ſɭɔ ſ͕ɭᴜꞇ ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜ j͑ʃꞇc̗ ɭʃᴜ
bird this.ADJZ hummingbird
ſɭэ ſɭɔ ŋᷠᴜꞇ ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜ j͑ʃꞇc̗ ɭʃᴜ
hummingbird that.ADJZ bird
Observer Marker
ᶅſэ is an observing marker meaning someone else is involved or simply someone else. This is related to ɭʃп́ᴜ and ɭʃᴜƴ (-п́-).
ʃэ ֭ſɭɜ ᶅſɔ ᶅſэ
to expect / to predict for someone else.
j͐ʃэ }ʃᴜ means by others and sometimes acts as a passive.
j͐ʃэ }ʃᴜ ɭʃɔ ſ͕ɭᴜƴ
To require / By someone else need.
ɭʃɔ ſ͕ɭᴜƴ ᶅſэ
To want someone to.
j͐ʃэ }ʃᴜ ſɟᴜ ŋᷠɹ / j͐ʃэ }ʃᴜ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ ɽ͑ʃ'ɜ ֭ſɭᴜ
To be killed.
ꞁȷ̀ᴜ ɽ͑ʃ'ɜ ֭ſɭᴜ ᶅſэ
Kill (someone else did it).
j͑ʃ'ɔɔ˞ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ ɽ͑ʃ'ɜ ֭ſɭᴜ
Cause to kill.
Inherit noun
ſɭɔ˞ɜƴ and ſɭˬɹ and ɭʃᴜ have an inherent noun afterwards.
ɭʃᴜ ſɭ,ɔ }ʃꞇ
What action
ɭʃᴜ j͑ʃƨꞇ ſȷɔ ֭ſɭɹ / ɭʃᴜ j͑ʃƨꞇʞ / ɭʃᴜ j͑ʃƨᴜʞ
What time
ɭʃᴜ ꞁȷ̀ᴜ ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜȝ
Where
ɭʃᴜ ŋᷠᴜƴ
Who
ſɭɔ˞ɜƴ ɭʃꞇȝ
After this
ſɭˬɹ ſ͕ɭᴜꞇ j͑ʃƨᴜʞ
Before today
Use ſɭᴜͷ̗ if the word after is null.
ɭʃᴜ ſɭᴜͷ̗
What
ſɭɔ˞ɜƴ ſɭᴜͷ̗
After
ſɭˬɹ ſɭᴜͷ̗
Before
Also words like ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ block the word after.
ſɭɔ˞ɜƴ ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ
Afterwards, Then, Next
ſɭˬɹ ſɭᴜ j͑ʃᴜ
Beforehand
To distinguish ɭʃᴜ from ɭʃᴜ- you can use ɭʃᴜ ſɟɔƴ.
Will / Ought to
Will or ought to is represented by ſɭɹ ֭ſɭɹ ɭʃᴜ-.
ſɭɹ ֭ſɭɹ ɭʃᴜ ֭ſɭᴜ ı],ɹ
true should-remember
Ought to remember
Similar to
ı],ɔ ſɭᴜȝ can be combined with an adjective in front.
j͑ʃͷ̗ᴜ ſɟɹ j͑ʃᴜꞇ ı],ɔ ſɭᴜȝ
taste like
ꞁȷ̀ɹ ʃᴜ j͑ʃᴜꞇ ı],ɔ ſɭᴜȝ
look like
}ʃᴜƴ ꞁȷ̀ᴜꞇ ı],ɔ ſɭᴜȝ
smell like
ŋᷠᴜ ſ̀ȷꞇ j͑ʃᴜꞇ ı],ɔ ſɭᴜȝ
feel like
j͐ʃw ſɭп́ɔƽ ꞁȷ̀ᴜꞇ ı],ɔ ſɭᴜȝ
sound like
More than
ſᶘɔ j͐ʃɜ ʃɔ j͑ʃɔ }ʃᴜȝ ſɭᴜ ɭl̀ɹ ſɭˬᴜ }ʃɹ ɭʃᴜ j͑ʃɔ
more-good than boat plane
The plane is better than the boat
ſᶘɔ ı],ꞇ j͑ʃᴜ j͑ʃɔ }ʃᴜȝ j͑ʃɹ ŋᷠɹ ſᶘᴜ
more-clean than air water
The water is cleaner than the air
j͑ʃɔ }ʃᴜȝ ŋᷠᴜꞇ ſᶘɹ ſɭ,ɜ
than that kid
More than that kid
Time and Direction
ꞁȷ̀ɔⅎ- and ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜ- also ꞁȷ̀ɔȝ and ſɭᴎɔ and ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜ ŋᷠɹ are used to tell relative time while ſɭw ŋᷠw and ſɟꞇƴ and ſ͕ɭᴜ ᶅſᴜ tell the actual time.
ꞁȷ̀ɔⅎ ֭ſɭᴜ ɭʃᴜ
It had rained (and had stopped).
ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜ ֭ſɭᴜ ɭʃᴜ
Yet to rain.
ſɭw ŋᷠw ɽ͑ʃ'ᴜ ŋᷠɹ ſ͔ɭᴜꞇ ſ͕ɭꞇ
Back then, will play
ſ͕ɭᴜ ᶅſᴜ ſɭᴎɔ ſ͔ɭᴜꞇ ſ͕ɭꞇ
In the future, will be playing
ſɟꞇƴ ꞁȷ̀ɔȝ ſ͔ɭᴜꞇ ſ͕ɭꞇ
In the present, have played already
ſɟꞇƴ ſɭп́ɔ ſ͔ɭᴜꞇ ſ͕ɭꞇ
Right now, I am currently playing
Time is generally considered as opening/turning on or closing/turning off.
ꞁȷ̀ᴜ ſ̀ȷɔ j͑ʃƨꞇ ſȷɔ ֭ſɭɹ
open time
Time starts
Direction was almost always based on north/south/east/west in the past. However, there are now righthand/lefthand/front/back directions.